EIA Winter Fuels Outlook: Heating Bills Likely to Rise, but Stay below Those of Recent Winters
Most U.S. households can expect higher heating expenditures this winter (October through March) compared to last winter, according to EIA’s Winter Fuels Outlook. Winter heating expenditures for most fuels were especially low last winter, when energy prices were relatively low and warm weather reduced heating demand to the lowest level nationally in at least 25 years. Although expenditures for nonelectric fuels are expected to be higher than last winter, expenditures are comparable to or lower than the average winters from 2010–11 through 2014–15. By comparison, electric heating prices and expenditures are expected to remain relatively stable.
EIA considers the winter season to run from October through March. The average household winter heating fuel expenditures discussed [here] are a broad guide to changes compared with recent winters. Fuel expenditures for individual households are highly dependent on the size and energy efficiency of individual homes and their heating equipment, along with thermostat settings, local weather conditions, and market size.
Temperatures this winter, based on the most recent forecast of heating degree days (from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are expected to be much colder than last winter east of the Rocky Mountains, with the Northeast and Midwest 17% colder and the South 18% colder. Despite the expectation of colder temperatures compared with last winter, temperatures in the eastern United States are expected to be about 3% warmer than the average of the five winters preceding last winter, as temperatures last winter were much warmer than normal in those areas. In the West, temperatures are forecast to be about 2% warmer than last winter. However, recent winters provide a reminder that weather can be unpredictable. In addition to the base case, the Winter Fuels Outlook includes forecasts for scenarios where heating degree days in all regions may be 10% higher (colder) or 10% lower (warmer) than forecast.
In the United States, households that rely primarily on heating oil for heating purposes are most prevalent in the Northeast region. EIA expects households heating primarily with heating oil to spend an average of $378 (38%) more this winter than last winter, reflecting retail prices that are $0.42/gal (20%) higher and consumption that is 15% higher. Despite the higher forecast expenditures, expected average household heating expenditures this winter are about 32% lower than in the five winters prior to last winter.
In the 10%-colder-weather scenario, projected expenditures are $556 higher than last winter, with prices that are $0.50/gal (24%) higher than last winter and consumption that is 25% higher.
Reliance on heating oil is highest in the Northeast, where about 22% of households use oil for space heating, down from 27% five years ago as an increasing number of homes switch to using natural gas and electricity for space heating. Nationwide, 5% of households use heating oil.
Heating oil prices are expected to be higher than last winter because of crude oil prices which are forecast to be 24% higher than last winter. The Brent crude oil price, which is the crude oil price most significant in determining U.S. petroleum product prices, is forecast to average $48/b this winter, which would be $9/b (22 cents per gallon) higher than last winter. Brent crude oil prices are forecast to be higher than last year as a result of gradually tightening global oil supply balances. Despite being higher than last winter, crude oil prices are still forecast to remain below levels seen from 2010-14 as the global oil market continues to move towards balance. However, crude oil prices are highly uncertain, and any deviation in crude oil prices from forecast levels would cause a similar deviation in retail heating oil prices and consumer expenditures.
Distillate fuel supplies, which include heating oil, are also ample heading into the winter heating season for the second straight year. At the same time that consumption of distillate fuel is slowing, refinery output of distillate fuel has been relatively high. This combination of high refinery runs and lower demand has resulted high inventory levels in the northeast United States.
Relatively strong gasoline refining margins during the past two summers have encouraged high refinery runs both in the United States and abroad. This has led to the coproduction of distillate fuel with gasoline, despite lower margins for distillate fuel than were seen during much of the previous decade.
Slowing economic growth in emerging economies, which have been major drivers of distillate consumption in past years, has reduced global consumption growth for distillate fuel. In the United States, distillate inventory levels were high heading into last winter, and warmer-than-normal winter temperatures contributed to inventories remaining well above five-year average levels throughout last winter. In addition to weak space heating demand, overall distillate consumption has fallen in 2016 because of reduced oil and natural gas drilling (which uses diesel fuel in its operations), and because of declining coal production, which has reduced diesel use in rail shipments of coal.
Distillate stocks in the Northeast totaled 52.3 million barrels on September 30, nearly 7 million barrels higher than at the same time last year. The September 30 inventory level reflected a small decline from the previous week, when Northeast distillate stock levels were the highest since 2010. High stock levels should limit price volatility in the event of colder-than expected temperatures. However, if temperatures become severely cold, the Northeast typically turns to imports for supply, and prices have the potential to rise to encourage imports to be shipped to the region.
Nearly 5% of all U.S. households heat primarily with propane. EIA expects these households to spend less on heating this winter than in eight out of the past ten winters, but more than last winter, when both heating demand and propane prices were low. The projected increase in expenditures from last winter varies by region. EIA expects that households heating with propane in the Midwest will spend an average of $290 (30%) more this winter than last winter, reflecting prices that are about 14% higher and consumption that is 13% higher than last winter. Households in the Northeast are expected to spend an average of $346 (21%) more this winter, with average prices that are about 7% higher and consumption that is 13% higher than last winter. However, average propane expenditures across the two regions are 18% below average expenditures from the five winters prior to last winter.
Propane inventories, which were at record-high levels throughout last winter, are going into this heating season at even higher levels. U.S. inventories of propane reached 104.0 million barrels as of September 30, almost 4 million barrels (4%) higher than at the same time last year. Last winter, inventories of propane were drawn down by 33.8 million barrels during the heating season (October-March). An inventory draw of 40.6 million barrels is expected this winter. The projected draw would leave inventories 32% above the previous five-year average at the end of the heating season in March. Current inventory levels should be sufficient to allow for even stronger-than-projected inventory draws given colder weather, higher crop-drying use, or stronger exports. With the addition of new export facilities over the past several years, and a new Gulf Coast terminal expected to begin operations later this month, the United States has the capacity to support higher-than-forecast levels of propane exports when spot shipments are economically viable.
Inventories on the Gulf Coast have been the main contributor to the record-high storage levels, with propane inventories in that region 55% above the previous five-year average for the week ending September 30. Much of this storage is at facilities connected to industrial users and export terminals, and transport of the propane to the Midwest and Northeast is often costly. However, propane inventories in the Midwest and Northeast are 9% and 42% above the five-year average, respectively, as of September 30. Higher inventory levels and improved rail delivery networks for propane should contribute to more robust propane supply chains than three years ago, when the Midwest saw prices spike during extremely cold weather. However, local markets could still see tight supply conditions, particularly in cases of severely cold temperatures.
The number of households using cord wood or wood pellets as the primary residential space heating fuel has increased by 26% since 2005, to about 2.5 million households in 2015. About 8% of households use wood as a secondary source of heat, making wood second only to electricity as a supplemental heating fuel.
About 20% of homes in New England (1.1 million) used wood for space heating, water heating, or cooking in 2009, according to the EIA’s 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, which is nearly twice the national rate. Almost half of all rural households in New England used wood, compared with only 12% of the region’s urban households.
Nearly half of all U.S. households heat primarily with natural gas. EIA expects households heating primarily with natural gas to spend $116 (22%) more this winter compared with last winter. However, forecast average expenditures of households heating with natural gas this winter will be comparable to those in the five winters prior to last winter. The increase in forecast expenditures compared with last winter is driven by comparatively similar increases in price and consumption. Residential natural gas prices are forecast to average $10.37 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf), 11% higher than last winter. Prices at this level would be the highest since the winter of 2010-11. Consumption is forecast to be 10% higher than last winter.
The increase in consumption is based on a return to temperatures that are closer to normal following last winter’s El Nino weather pattern that resulted in winter temperatures that were 15% warmer than the previous ten-year average nationally.
Although forecast residential natural gas prices are 11% higher than prices last winter, Henry Hub spot prices are expected to average $3.16 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) ($3.26/Mcf), which would be 53% higher than last winter. Higher natural gas prices reflect falling natural gas production during 2016 and increased use of natural gas for electricity generation. Changes in spot prices do not quickly translate into changes in delivered residential prices. The rates utilities charge for delivered natural gas can be set by state utility commissions a year or more in advance and reflect the cost of natural gas purchased over many months. Also, residential prices include charges to cover utility operating costs and the cost to transport and distribute natural gas that are not directly linked to wellhead prices.
Under a 10% colder scenario, EIA projects natural gas-related heating expenditures to be 31% higher than last winter and 7% higher than the base case. In that scenario, consumption and prices are 19% and 10% higher than last winter, respectively. Under a 10% warmer scenario, EIA projects expenditures to be 12% higher than last winter.
EIA projects natural gas inventories will total 3,966 billion cubic feet (Bcf) at the end of October, which would be near a record high going into the heating season. Last winter’s warm weather left natural gas inventories at record high levels in April, the beginning of the refill season. Injections for most weeks over the summer were lower than the five-year (2011-15) average rate. Under the base case winter forecast, EIA expects inventories to end the winter at 1,896 Bcf. In the event of a colder-than-forecast winter, high stock levels should help moderate price volatility.
Although pipeline transportation constraints have eased somewhat in recent years, they continue to pose a challenge to natural gas markets in the Northeast. Basis differentials (the difference between a natural gas price at a given location and the benchmark Henry Hub price) last winter in major gas demand centers in the Northeast were lower compared with the winter of 2014-15, as mild temperatures and some pipeline capacity additions in the Middle Atlantic region helped limit price spikes.
This year, additional capacity will be available to deliver natural gas from the Marcellus region in Pennsylvania to New England with the expected November 2016 start-up of the Algonquin Incremental Market Project. This expected incremental pipeline capacity has helped lower expected prices for natural gas delivered to Boston during the peak winter months by about $1/MMbtu compared with expectations from a year ago. However, pipeline constraints still exist in the Northeast, particularly into the New England market, contributing to significant basis differentials between New England prices and Henry Hub futures prices. These constraints could contribute to day-to-day price volatility during periods of cold temperatures.
New England has two important marginal sources of natural gas supply for times of very high demand: liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports and pipeline imports from Canada. Although LNG imports have declined dramatically in the past several years, an LNG terminal near Boston continues to receive cargoes from Trinidad under long-term contracts. One of the terminal’s customers is the adjacent Mystic Power Plant. LNG received at the Canaport LNG terminal in St. John, New Brunswick, also comes to New England via the Brunswick Pipeline.
Households heating primarily with electricity are forecast to spend an average of $49 (5%) more this winter, as a result of 5% higher consumption, including both heating and non-heating uses of electricity, and about 1% higher residential electricity prices than last winter. Among U.S. households, 39% rely on electricity as their primary heating source, ranging from 63% in the South to 15% in the Northeast.
In past years, electricity prices in New England have been affected by constrained fuel supplies. The region’s power industry has become more reliant on natural gas for electricity generation. Natural gas currently supplies 50% of total generation in New England, compared with 37% in 2005. This increased reliance on natural gas can put generation fuel supplies in competition with natural gas used for space heating during cold spells. Winter electricity prices on the New England wholesale electricity market have generally tended to be higher than prices at other times of the year, and occasional price spikes have occurred.
Source: EIA Winter Fuels Outlook